SNU - Artigos publicados em revistas não indexadas na Medline
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- Pericardial and pleural effusions associated with sirolimus and discussion of possible mechanismsPublication . Rocha, S.; Pedroso, S.; Almeida, M.; Dias, L.; Martins, L.; Castro-Henriques, A.; Cabrita, A.Sirolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, is an increasingly used immunosuppressant in solid-organ transplantation. There are an increasing number of reports of unusual oedematous adverse effects associated with this drug, including lymphoedema, ascites and pleural effusions, and a few reports of pericardial effusions. No pathophysiological explanation for these phenomena has been disclosed. We report a 33-year-old sirolimus-treated kidney transplant recipient with chronic pericardial and pleural effusions identified nine years after transplantation. He was initially treated for a presumed tuberculous pericarditis, even though cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were negative. After 12 months of antitubercular therapy, visceral effusions persisted. Pericardial effusion was drained and stabilised. After exclusion of other causes, sirolimus toxicity was considered the most likely cause. Two months after discontinuation of sirolimus, visceraleffusions disappeared. Interaction of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors with mediators of lymphangiogenesis may be a common link in oedematous states associated with sirolimus.
- Atypical haemolytic-uraemic syndrome caused by factor H mutation: case report and new management strategies in childrenPublication . Araújo, L.; Faria, M.; Rocha, L.; Costa, T.; Barbot, J.; Mota, C.Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome is causedby alternative complement pathway dysregulation. It has recently been recognised that most cases are due to genetic factors and a growing list of mutations has been described. Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome is associated with a dismal prognosis, a relapsing course, high acute mortality and frequent progression to end-stage renal disease. We describe a five-year-old boy admitted with a first recurrence of atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The primary onset of the disease was at 15 months of age, following which there was complete recovery of haematological and renal parameters. His family history was significant in that his mother had died at the age of only 23 years of a stroke with associated thrombotic microangiopathy, suggesting a familial form of the disease. Sequencing of the gene encoding complement factor H revealed a heterozygous SCR20 mutation (3644G>T, Arg1215Leu), confirming the diagnosis. The patient was successfully treated with fresh frozen plasma infusions that induced disease remission. We also review currently evolving concepts about atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome caused by factor H mutation, its diagnosis, the role of genetic testing and management strategies in children.
- Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus associated with tenofovir administration: report of a paediatric casePublication . Costa, M.; Teixeira, C.; Costa, A.; Faria, M.; Mota, C.; Marques, L.Tenofovirrenal toxicity, particularly when associated with other antiretrovirals, has been reported in the adult HIV-positive population. Reports in HIVpositive children are very rare. The authors report a paediatric case of nephrotoxicity associated with tenofovir and didanosine, emtricitabine and lopinavirritonavir coadministration. A 12-year-old girl with AIDS (clinical stage C) with a multidrug-resistant virus and several treatment failures initiated emtricitabine, tenofovir, didanosine and lopinavir-ritonavir in 2008 with good tolerance. Her viral load became undetectable and CD4 count normal. Two years later she presented generalized weakness, polydipsia and polyuria. On physical examination dehydration was evident. Her vital signs were stable. She had lost 5% of her body weight in the previous week. Urinalysis revealed a urine gravity of 1000, osmolality 150 mOsm/Kg and no proteinuria or glucosuria. Blood analysis showed osmolality 289 mOsm/Kg, normal values of glucose, creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium. A water restriction test followed by desmopressin administration confirmed the diagnosis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Tenofovir and didanosine were stopped and abacavir was added. The patient was treated with a thiazide diuretic and salt restriction. There was good clinical evolution and no relapses. This case highlights important possible side effects of tenofovir and emphasises the need for further studies into the renal safety of this agent in paediatric patients.
- Transposição da Veia Basílica: um contributo para a melhoria da técnica cirúrgicaPublication . Norton-Matos, A.; Nogueira, C.; Queiros, J.; Silva, F.; Rocha, S.; Azevedo, P.; Machado, R.; Mergulão-Mendonça, J.Introdução: O aumento crescente da população em hemodiálise tem implicado o recurso a acessos vasculares de maior complexidade técnica. A introdução de modificações na técnica cirúrgica da transposição da veia basílica (TVB) pretende agilizar o procedimento e diminuir a sua morbilidade. Métodos: Análise prospectiva das TVB efectuadas no CHP-HSA entre Setembro de 2005 e Setembro de 2009. Resultados: Efectuaram-se 74 TVB em 74 doentes, os quais tinham,em média, 2 acessos autólogos prévios. A TVB foi o primeiro acesso em 20,3% dos doentes. O intervalo médio de seguimento foi de 14,5 meses. Ocorreram 2 falências nos primeiros 30 dias. A taxa de patência secundária aos 3, 12 e 24 meses foi de 95,7%, 85,1% e 62,2%, respectivamente. A Diabetes associou-se a pior taxa de patência(p=0,018). A taxa de complicações perioperatórias foi de 28,4%, sendo a infecção a mais frequente (n=6, 8,1% do total de TVB). A trombose foi a principal causa de falência, tendo ocorrido em 24,3% de todas as TVB. Conclusões: Reconhece-se a superioridade do acesso autólogo, como a melhor opção de acesso vascular para hemodiálise. A TVB é subutilizada, devido às exigências técnicas e necessidades logísticas. Melhoramos a técnica cirúrgica e de tunelização, ao reduzir o tamanho das incisões e o tempo cirúrgico. Os nossos resultados revelaram uma boa patência a longo prazo, pelo que consideramos que deve ser mais utilizada.
- Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation: Analysis of 150 patients from one Centre in PortugalPublication . Martins, La Salete; Fonseca, Isabel; Aguiar, P.; Rocha, A.; Costa, R.; Santos, C.; Malheiro, J.; Pedroso, S.; Almeida, M.; Dias, L.; Castro-Henriques, A.; Cabrita, A.; Davide, J.Introduction: Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT) outcomes are conditioned in the short-term mostly by post-operative complications. In the long-term, cardiovascular (CV) disease and immunological loss are the main limitations to transplant survival. Aims: To analyse retrospectively the results from 150 SPKT performed at our centre. Patients and Methods: The 81 females and 69 males had a mean age of 35±6 years; they were diabetic for 24±6 years and had been on dialysis for 30±21months (except 5 preemptive). Anti-lymphocyte globulin, tacrolimus, mycophenolate and steroids were used as immunosuppressive therapy. Deceased-donor mean age was 28±11 years. In 28.7% the transplant was performed with 6 HLA-mismatches. Results: Acute rejection’s incidence was 16%. Ten SPKT patients died; infection was the leading cause of death (five cases), followed by Cardiovascular/cerebrovascular disease (three cases). In 21 patients the pancreas failed, mainly due to thrombosis or bleeding (11 cases), and infection (five cases); in two it was due to late acute rejection. In four patients only the kidney failed, due to chronic rejection. Five patients lost both grafts, from late acute rejection in four and thrombosis in one. We analyzed the 110 SPKT patients (73.3%) with both grafts functioning. Their mean serum creatinine was 1.2±0.4mg/dl; creatinineclearance was 76±24 ml/min; fasting glycaemia was 81±10mg/dl; and HbA1c was 5.3±0.4%. Hypertension has been treated in 47.2% of patients, in the majority (28.2%) with only one drug. Hyperlipidaemia was observed in 19.1% and excessive weight (>25kg/m2) in 17.3%. Conclusions: From our cohort of SPKT, 93.3% of patients are alive, 73.3% have both grafts functioning. Rejection was the main cause of late pancreas loss. Early mortality was due to infection (3.3%). CV/cerebrovascular disease was the main cause of late mortality (2%). The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia and overweight was inferior to 20%. Hypertension was the most frequently found CV risk factor.
- Biomarkers in Kidney Transplantation: Translating to clinical practicePublication . Fonseca, IsabelImproving long-term graft survival is a major challenge in kidney transplantation. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury is a critical early allograft insult that enhances the risk of delayed graft function, which is common in deceased-donor transplantation. Delayed graft function complicates the post-transplant management and has a negative impact on both short and long-term outcomes. The development of effective interventions to prevent and attenuate the injury caused by ischaemia-reperfusion is constricted by the limited ability of early detection of kidney damage. In recent years, clinical and translational research has focused on improvements in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury and provided prognostic information that is helpful in the post-transplant care. Numerous biomarkers in kidney transplantation have been evaluated in the past decade, but, so far, evidence to support their use in routine practice is limited. The purpose of this review is to examine the current status of three biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of delayed graft function, namely urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, oxidative stress and cystatin C. In addition, the concept of a biomarker is addressed, as well as the existing challenges and perspectives for developing a biomarker. This review discusses current literature and reflects the author’s own interpretation and experience.
- Tacrolimus, a forgotten agent in kidney transplant leukopeniaPublication . Azevedo, P.; Freitas, C.; Silva, H.; Aguiar, P.; Santos, T.; Cabral, J.; Rocha, G.; Almeida, M.; Pedroso, S.; Martins, L.; Dias, L.; Castro-Henriques, A.; Cabrita, A.Leukopenia in kidney transplant patients is frequent, it causes potentially life-threatening complications, but it is often poorly characterized. Opportunistic infections, immunologic disturbances and drug-related toxicity are principal causes of single or multilineage cytopenias. Tacrolimus-induced leukopenia is a less recognized but frequent complication. We describe one patient with leukopenia developing within seven months after renal transplant. After excluding other potential causes, tacrolimus was switched to cyclosporine, with recovery of white blood cell count. Based on the clinical report, the authors reviewed causes of post-transplant leukopenia, focusing on the diagnostic investigation. Early diagnosis and interventions are fundamental to improve prognosis.
- Mesalazine induced tubulointersticial nephritisPublication . Campos, A.; Santos, S.; Santos, J.; Malheiro, J.; Lobato, L.; Vizcaíno, J.; Cabrita, A.Inflammatory bowel disease and its various treatments may affect the kidney in several ways tubulointersticial nephritis is a rare but serious complication of longer-term mesalazine use. There are few cases reported in the literature. We report the first two cases of mesalazine-induced tubulointersticial nephritis, recently diagnosed in our department. The first one refers to a patient with ulcerous colitis and the second one to a patient with Crohn’s disease. Then the authors present a review of literature about the renal involvement in the inflammatory bowel disease. New cases of mesalazine nephrotoxicity should be reported to allow more accurate incidence estimation of this serious adverse effect. Routine monitoring of renal function is simple, inexpensive and allows an early diagnosis of this complication
- Peritoneal dialysis dropouts in different age and era cohorts: focus on the elderlyPublication . Campos, A.; Malheiro, J.; Teixeira, L.; Carvalho, M.; Cabrita, A.; Rodrigues, A.Introduction and Aims: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an efficient renal replacement therapy (RRT), but still remains underutilized at any age. Clinicians fear the rate of dropouts and lower technique survival, particularly in elderly patients. The authors aimed to explore such outcomes over the past 3 decades, in different age and era cohorts. Methods: Consecutive incident patients starting PD were identified from an ongoing registry-base prospective study of quality assessment. In order to control for an era effect, patients were assigned to 6 cohorts (5 years interval) according to the admission year between 1985 and 2014. Regression models taking competing risks into account were performed to identify potential prognostic factors for death and transfer to haemodialysis (HD) (adjusted for age, gender, diabetes, cohort era, automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) use, and first treatment modality – PD first, PD after HD, PD after renal transplant (RT). Then the patients were studied according to age at enrolment in the programme: A (18 44 years; n = 193); B (45 64 years; n = 176) and C (≥ 65 years old; n = 75). The HD transfer rates using Poisson analysis were evaluated. The incidence of dropout rates was compared at different times and between age groups, focusing particular attention on the elderly. Results: A total of 525 patients were evaluated: 211 male (40.2%), aged 48 ± 15.7 years old, on PD for 23 (IQR 9 – 41.5) months. The major cause of dropout technique was transfer to HD (35.4%), followed by renal transplantation (27.6%) and death (21.7%). The probability of technical failure and renal transplantation at 2 and 5 years was 19.2% and 18.1% and 34.2%; 27.4%, respectively. Probability of death at 2 and 5 years was 12.7%, and 21.8%, respectively. The contemporary cohort was associated with a lower risk of mortality and lower risk of transfer to haemodialysis, with greater access to renal transplantation. The regression model Fine & Gray showed that older age was associated with increased mortality, but was not associated with greater technical failure. Transfer to HD occurred in the elderly at a rate of 11epy/100 patient year (in comparison to 15 and 14 epy/100 patient-year in non-elderly groups A and B, respectively P= 0.33). The proportions of specific causes of technique failure did not change significantly according to age cohort. The dropout rates due to access-related-infection and ultrafiltration failure decreased in the elderly group in the more contemporary cohort, despite the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: The dropout by technique failure decreased significantly in the recent decade. Age at admission in peritoneal dialysis did not show to be a compromising factor of the technique survival